was/were (be동사의 과거)

• '우리 말로 '~이다. ~입니다.' 에 해당하는 말로, 영어에서는 ‘am,’ ‘are,’ ‘is’ 를 be동사라고 부른다고 했습니다.
  이번에는 우리말로 '~이었다. ~이었습니다.' 에 해당하는 was/were에 해당하는 말을 배워 보겠습니다.

• 주어	be동사의 현재	be동사의 과거
  I	am	was
  He/ She/ It	is
  You/ We/ They	are	were

• 현재	과거
  I am a student. (나는 학생입니다.)	I was a student. (나는 학생이었습니다.)
  He is a student.	He was a student.
  You are a student.	You were a student.

• 위에서 보는 것처럼 am과 is의 과거는 was로 are는 were로 바꾸기만 하면 됩니다.
• 아래의 표를 보고 구체적으로 주어와 be동사 과거와의 관계를 익혀 두시기 바랍니다.
  

  주어와 be동사 과거와의 관계

  긍정문	부정문		의문문
  	기본 형태	줄인 형태
  I was	I was not	I wasn't	Was I?
  You were	You were not	You weren't	Were you?
  He was	He was not	He wasn't	Was he?
  She was	She was not	She wasn't	Was she?
  It was	It was not	It wasn't	Was it?
  We were	We were not	We weren't	Were we?
  You were	You were not	You weren't	Were you?
  They were	They were not	They weren't	Were they?

• • I [ He / She ] was a student.
  • I [ He / She ] was not a student. = I [ He / She ] wasn't a student.
  • Was I [ he / she ] a student?
  
  
  • We [ You / They ] were students.
  • We [ You / They ] were not students. = We [ You / They ] weren't students.
  • Were we [ you / they ] students?

일반동사의 과거

• 일반 동사의 과거형도 'be 동사'처럼 몇 가지 규칙을 알고 나면, 쉽게 일반 동사의 과거형을 익힐 수 있으며, 일반적으로 주어에 관계없이 동사원형에 -ed를 붙이면 되며, 부정문이나 의문문에 사용했던 do나 does는 did로 바꾸면 됩니다.

• 일반동사의 과거

  주어	일반동사의 현재	일반동사의 과거
  I/ You/ We/ They	work	worked
  He/ She/ It	works
  I/ You/ We/ They	do	did
  He/ She/ It	does

• 현재	과거
  I work. (나는 일을 합니다.)	I worked. (나는 일을 했습니다.)
  He works.	He worked.
  I do not work.	I did not work.
  He does not work.	He did not work.

• 아래 표를 통해 일반동사의 주어와 일반동사과거와의 관계를 익혀 두시기 바랍니다.

  긍정문	부정문		의문문
  	기본 형태	줄인 형태
  I worked	I did not work	I didn't work	Did I work?
  You worked	You did not work	You didn't work	Did you work?
  He worked	He did not work	He didn't work	Did he work?
  She worked	She did not work	She didn't work	Did she work?
  It worked	It did not work	It didn't work	Did it work?
  We worked	We did not work	We didn't work	Did we work?
  You worked	You did not work	You didn't work	Did you work?
  They worked	They did not work	They didn't work	Did they work?

• • I liked an apple. (나는 사과를 좋아했다.)
  • I did not (또는 didn't) like an apple. (나는 사과를 좋아하지 않았다.)
  • Did you like an apple? (너는 사과를 좋아했느냐?)
• 위에서 일반동사의 과거는 동사원형에 '-ed'를 붙인다고 했습니다.
  그러나 이 것 외에도 아래 표에서 보는 바와 같이 'd' 또는 'ied'를 붙이거나, 전혀 다른 형태로 변화하는 예외의 경우가 있습니다.

  1	동사 끝이 'e'로 끝나면 'ed'를 또 붙이지 않고 'd'만 붙이면 됩니다. 현재 과거 love loved like liked move moved love (사랑하다), like (좋아하다), move (움직이다)
  2	동사의 끝이 '단모음 + 단자음'으로 끝나면, 자음 하나를 더 쓰고, 'ed'를 붙입니다. 현재 과거 stop stopped plan planned admit admitted stop (중지하다), plan (계획하다), admit (허락하다) 그러나 visit (방문하다) 의 과거는 visited입니다. (visitted가 아님. 단모음+ 단자음으로 끝나는 경우에도 visit 처럼액센트가 앞에 오는 경우에는 자음을 하나 더 쓰지 않습니다. admit 처럼 액센트가 뒤에 오는 경우에만 자음 하나를 더 붙입니다. 예: prefer (더 좋아하다) ⇒ preferred
  3	동사의 끝이 '자음 + y' 로 끝나는 동사는 y 를 i 로 고치고 'ed'를 붙입니다. 현재 과거 study studied cry cried carry carried study (공부하다), cry (울다), carry (운반하다) 그러나 play (놀다) 의 과거는 played입니다. (plaied가 아님. 모음 + y로 끝나는 경우에는 그냥 'ed'만 붙입니다.)
  4	동사의 현재형과 과거형이 같은 것 현재 과거 put put cut cut let let put (놓다), cut (자르다), let (~을 하게하다)
  5	규칙적으로 변하지 않는 것 현재 과거 have/has had go went come came find found say said have (가지고 있다), go (가다), come (오다), find (발견하다), say (말하다)